The comparative effect of exposure to various risk factors on the risk of hyperuricaemia: diet has a weak causal effect

Table 3 Associations of dichotomised risk variables with serum urate levels (including percent variance explained)

Risk factor	Cohort 1 (US-based)		Cohort 2 (UK-based)		Cohort 3 (UK-based)		Gout cohort (UK-based)
Risk factor	Beta (95% CI)	R² (%)	Beta (95% CI)	R² (%)	Beta (95% CI)	R² (%)	Beta (95% CI)	R² (%)
Sex - male	0.078 (0.076; 0.080)	22.4	0.076 (0.075; 0.077)	27.2	0.075 (0.075; 0.076)	25.9	0.062 (0.055; 0.070)	3.7
BMI ≥25 kg/m²	0.041 (0.038; 0.043)	7.3	0.039 (0.038; 0.041)	9.0	0.040 (0.039; 0.040)	8.5	0.032 (0.025; 0.039)	1.8
SLC2A9, rs12498742 A-allele present	0.044 (0.039; 0.049)	2.5	0.048 (0.046; 0.050)	3.4	0.047 (0.046; 0.047)	3.0	0.026 (0.009; 0.043)	0.02
Diet non-adherence	0.008 (−0.006; 0.021)^#	0.01	0.008 (0.006; 0.010)^#	0.1	0.005 (0.004; 0.005)^*	0.1	0.004 (−0.003; 0.010)^*	0.01
Alcohol ≥1 drink/week	0.004 (0.002; 0.007)	0.2	0.008 (0.007; 0.009)	0.4	0.009 (0.008; 0.009)	0.5	0.005 (−0.001; 0.010)	0.3
On diuretic therapy	0.058 (0.054; 0.061)	11.7	0.047 (0.045; 0.049)	3.7	0.049 (0.048; 0.050)	4.5	0.029 (0.029; 0.035)	1.7
Age ≥ 50 years	0.014 (0.012; 0.017)	0.9	0.009 (0.008; 0.010)	0.4	0.009 (0.009; 0.010)	0.4	^	^
Not treated with urate-lowering therapy	^	^	^	^	^	^	0.133 (0.129; 0.138)	35.2

^#Non-adherence to DASH guidelines; *Non-adherence to the Harvard Healthy Eating Pyramid guidelines; ^Data not applicable or variable is not a risk factor in this group
Beta values represent urate change in mmol/L between risk groups. R² – partial R² value (R²_B) converted to a percentage (R² * 100). All analyses are adjusted in a multivariable linear regression model for the other risk factors. Risk for SLC2A9 rs12498742 was calculated under a dominant model. For the Gout cohort in a model including age, the beta was −0.036 (−0.043; −0.029) and the R² was 1.7

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